化学
质子化
布朗斯特德-洛瑞酸碱理论
碳阳离子
亲核细胞
催化作用
路易斯酸
氧化还原
三氟甲磺酸
酸催化
反应中间体
反应性(心理学)
质子
光化学
有机化学
离子
病理
物理
替代医学
医学
量子力学
作者
Hendrik F. T. Klare,Martin Oestreich
摘要
Superacidic media became famous in connection with carbocations. Yet not all reactive intermediates can be generated, characterized, and eventually isolated from these Brønsted acid/Lewis acid cocktails. The counteranion, that is the conjugate base, in these systems is often too nucleophilic and/or engages in redox chemistry with the newly formed cation. The Brønsted acidity, especially superacidity, is in fact often not even crucial unless protonation of extremely weak bases needs to be achieved. Instead, it is the chemical robustness of the aforementioned counteranion that determines the success of the protolysis. The advent of molecular Brønsted superacids derived from weakly coordinating, redox-inactive counteranions that do withstand the enormous reactivity of superelectrophiles such as silicon cations completely changed the whole field. This Perspective summarizes general aspects of medium and molecular Brønsted acidity and shows how applications of molecular Brønsted superacids have advanced from stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes involving protons and in situ generated superelectrophiles.
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