A versatile nanofibrous facemask filter for triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered respiratory monitoring with efficient filtration and excellent antibacterial capacities

Respiration, as a basic human physiological process, can be used as a vital indicator for early disease diagnosis. Moreover, the prevention of respiratory diseases caused by particulate matter and bacteria is of great importance. Herein, a smart face mask with self-powered real-time respiratory monitoring, efficient filtration and excellent antibacterial activity was fabricated by electrospinning. By applying polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/ε-poly (L-lysine)(ε-PL) and poly (ε-caprolactone)(PCL)/gelatin nanofibrous membranes as contact electrification pairs, the triboelectric nanogenerator assembled into a face mask could detect different breathing frequencies and intensities without external power supply. The electrical output performance was increased with the increment of PVDF concentration and the introduction of gelatin. Efficient filtration of particulate matter was achieved under a low pressure drop. Furthermore, PVDF/ε-PL nanofibrous membrane also exhibited excellent antibacterial activity, thus reducing the risk of respiratory infection. The prepared smart face mask is hopeful for personal healthcare management and prevention of respiratory diseases.