The persistence and cross-persistence of R&D outsourcing: onshore and offshore strategies

Research and Development (R&D) outsourcing has rapidly grown in recent decades but little attention has been paid to the persistence with which these contracts are carried out. In this way, this study contributes to the literature by providing new evidence on the extent of true state dependence in explaining the persistence of outsourcing R&D to a type of contractor. Further, we explicitly distinguish between offshore and onshore outsourcing strategies and study their own- and cross-state dependence. In doing so, we estimate a set of dynamic models of strategy adoption using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms from 2005 to 2014. The data allow for the distinction between five types of contractors and their domestic or foreign origin in each of them. Our results support the idea that R&D outsourcing with a type of contractor exhibits true-state dependence although moderate, with onshore R&D outsourcing being more state-dependent than its offshore counterpart. Results also indicate the existence of cross-state dependence in both directions.