Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of autoimmune disorders: diagnostic pearls & pitfalls

The purpose of this review is to highlight a clinical-anatomical approach to localizing neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of associated autoimmune disorders.Our understanding of autoimmune conditions has changed considerably over recent years, particularly with the emergence of novel autoantibodies. Cardinal neuro-ophthalmic signs and symptoms of antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders have been well characterized; knowledge thereof may be the first step towards an accurate diagnosis.A thorough history, further refined by a comprehensive examination are cornerstones to disease localization in clinical medicine. Taken together, these essential steps both guide investigations and facilitate early recognition of autoimmune disorders. From a neuro-ophthalmic perspective, it is important to understand heralding signs and symptoms of autoimmune syndromes, avoid cognitive errors, and remain mindful of common diagnostic pitfalls to optimize care.http://links.lww.com/COOP/A61.