Optimization of the extract from flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. and its inhibition of lipid accumulation

Journal of Food BiochemistryEarly View e14332 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Optimization of the extract from flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. and its inhibition of lipid accumulation Wei-Feng Cai, Wei-Feng Cai Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai, People's Republic of China School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMao-Mao Yan, Mao-Mao Yan College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZheng Wang, Zheng Wang College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMeng-Ping Jiang, Meng-Ping Jiang School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBing Yan, Corresponding Author Bing Yan bingyan202108@163.com Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Bing Yan, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, PR China. Email: bingyan202108@163.com Chun-Yan Shen, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China. Email: shenchunyan@smu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorChun-Yan Shen, Corresponding Author Chun-Yan Shen shenchunyan@smu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0002-4370-2147 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Correspondence Bing Yan, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, PR China. Email: bingyan202108@163.com Chun-Yan Shen, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China. Email: shenchunyan@smu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this author Wei-Feng Cai, Wei-Feng Cai Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai, People's Republic of China School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMao-Mao Yan, Mao-Mao Yan College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZheng Wang, Zheng Wang College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMeng-Ping Jiang, Meng-Ping Jiang School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBing Yan, Corresponding Author Bing Yan bingyan202108@163.com Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Bing Yan, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, PR China. Email: bingyan202108@163.com Chun-Yan Shen, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China. Email: shenchunyan@smu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorChun-Yan Shen, Corresponding Author Chun-Yan Shen shenchunyan@smu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0002-4370-2147 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Correspondence Bing Yan, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, PR China. Email: bingyan202108@163.com Chun-Yan Shen, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China. Email: shenchunyan@smu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14332 Wei-Feng Cai, Mao-Mao Yan, Zheng Wang contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. (CAVA) has been confirmed to have promising anti-obesity effects. However, the regulation of alkaloid extracts from flower of CAVA (Al) on lipid metabolism remain unknown. In this study, Al was optimized by ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were ultrasonic time 72 min, ethanol concentration 78% and liquid/solid ratio 30 ml/g with the maximum alkaloid yield 5.66%. LC–MS assay indicated that the alkaloid compounds were enriched in Al after optimization. Nine alkaloid compounds were identified in Al by LC–MS assay and stachydrine, caffeine and cathine appeared as the major alkaloid compounds. Bioactivity assay showed that Al treatment significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Al administration also reversed oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis in Hep G2 cells by inhibiting the expression of lipogenesis-signaling genes including fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ (PPARγ), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and retinol binding protein (RBP4). However, OA-induced reduction of lipolysis-related gene carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) in Hep G2 cells was not improved by Al supplementation. Moreover, the increased SOD activity and decreased MDA and ROS contents were also observed in Caenorhabditis elegans by Al addition. Al intervention exhibited the ability to inhibit lipid accumulation in C. elegans by suppressing expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. These results suggested that the alkaloid extracts from the flower of CAVA showed great potential to regulate lipid metabolism. Practical Applications The extraction of alkaloid extracts from the flower of CAVA was optimized with a maximum yield of 5.66%. The regulatory effects and mechanisms of Al on lipid metabolism of Hep G2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans were also investigated. More clinical studies are required to evaluate the potential of using alkaloids from the flower of CAVA as therapeutic agents against lipid metabolic disorders. CONFLICT OF INTEREST All the authors declared no conflict of interests. Open Research DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description jfbc14332-sup-0001-FigureS1.docxWord 2007 document , 120.8 KB Figure S1 Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issuee14332 RelatedInformation