Carbon dots assembly on metal nanostructures for sensing applications in environmental analysis

The carbon nanoparticles known as carbon dots (CDs), also referred to as carbon quantum dots (CDs), are thought to be green carbon nanomaterials with a modest diameter, extraordinary stability, and spectacular brightness. They are synthesized easily having the advantages of simplicity and very low cost. Carbon dots have a wide range of uses, including sensing and biosensing, imaging, administering medications, catalysis, and energy conversion. Utilizing the unique characteristics of carbon dots, the emerging field of "biosensing" employs a variety of techniques to estimate a range of targets, including ions, biomacromolecules, and small molecules. Traditional sensing applications have favored metal nanoparticles, but more recent studies have shown that metal composites and CDs can be used to improve the durability, biocompatibility, conductivity, and catalytic activity of electrode surfaces. This chapter goes into detail about surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical sensing, and optical sensing.