Enhanced oral bioavailability from food protein nanoparticles: A mini review

The oral route is the most desirable drug administration path. The oral bioavailability is always compromised from the poor physicochemical and/or biopharmaceutical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Food protein nanoparticles show promise for oral drug delivery, with improved biosafety and cost-effectiveness compared to polymeric nanoparticles. More importantly, diverse food proteins provide "choice and variety" to meet the challenges faced by different drugs in oral delivery resulting from low solubility, poor permeability, and gastrointestinal stability. The abundance of hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups in food proteins allows easy surface modification of the nanoparticles to impart unique functions. Albeit being in its infancy, food protein nanoparticles exhibit high capability to enhance oral bioavailability of a wide range of drugs from small molecules to biomacromolecules. Considering the rapid growth of the field, the achievements and mechanisms of food protein nanoparticles in enhancing oral bioavailability are reviewed. Factors affecting the performance of food protein nanoparticles are discussed with the purpose to inspire the development of food protein nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery systems.