Extrachromosomal DNA‐mediated glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass

Abstract Background An Italian ryegrass population from Arkansas, USA developed glyphosate resistance due to 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase ( EPSPS ) gene amplification. The plants in this population with approximately 70 EPSPS copies were used in the present study for the physical mapping of amplified copies of EPSPS gene to determine the possible mechanism of EPSPS gene amplification conferring glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass. Result Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of glyphosate resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass plants with approximately 70 EPSPS copies displayed EPSPS hybridization signals randomly on most of the metaphase chromosomes. Glyphosate susceptible (GS) Italian ryegrass plants with one EPSPS copy displayed single prominent EPSPS hybridization signal, which was co‐localized with 5S rDNA locus along with few additional signals on the outside of chromosomes. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) followed by DNA blot using EPSPS gene as a probe identified a prominent EPSPS hybridization around the 400 kb region in GR DNA samples, but not in GS DNA samples. Conclusion We report the extrachromosomal DNA‐mediated glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass. Physical mapping of amplified copies of EPSPS gene in Italian ryegrass by FISH gives us a clue that the amplified copies of EPSPS gene may be present in the extrachromosomal DNA elements. Further analysis by PFGE followed by DNA blotting revealed that the extrachromosomal DNA containing EPSPS is approximately 400 kb similar in size with that of eccDNA replicon in Amaranthus palmeri . © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.