Multiphase modeling of atmospheric ice accretion on wind turbines

Noise problems have become a major environmental preoccupation, particularly the noise generated by acoustic radiation pressure produced by wind turbines. This paper describes an investigation into the application of a variational indirect boundary element method for studying the acoustic radiation pressure produced by vertical-axis wind turbines. For this purpose, we considered the Neumann boundary condition. The formulation has two advantages: (1) it avoids the meshing of the fluid domain and (2) it treats the singular integral of Green's function, the solution of the fundamental solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain.