Emerging absorption-based techniques for removing microplastics and nanoplastics from actual water bodies

Microplastics and nanoplastics contamination in aquatic environments has become a growing public concern due to their potential adverse health effects and toxicity. Due to the diverse varieties and morphologies of microplastics, it is challenging to implement an effective removal strategy. Various approaches, including biological, physical, and chemical processes, have been investigated to remediate microplastics, but the overall effect is still low. Among the developed techniques, adsorption has demonstrated its simple operation, practical reusability, and relatively short required time. This review aims to evaluate and compare the strengths and limitations of MOF, aerogel, and sponge as emerging microplastic removal materials. The composition and properties of the matrix determined the removal efficacy (removal time, adsorption capacity) and durability (reusability). The impact of the use of these emerging materials on health and the environment is meticulously evaluated. The expectations and new challenges associated with these cutting-edge innovations are discussed.