Advances and challenges in improvement of the electrochemical performance for lead-acid batteries: A comprehensive review

With the progress of science and technology and the needs of the development of human society, lead-acid batteries (LABs) have attracted the attention of mathematicians at home and abroad because of their low cost, simple manufacturing, high recycling rate and good safety. Through continuous research, many related works and patents have been produced, and then they are most widely used in the field of secondary batteries. However, in the actual production and application, it is found that LABs have the disadvantages of short cycle life, low specific energy, poor low temperature performance and easy corrosion, which greatly limits their application. In this paper, the current research status and main shortcomings of LABs are analyzed, and the related research work of improving the chemical properties of LABs in recent years are systematically reviewed from the aspects of grid composition and structure, lead paste formula, additives, curing and formation process, etc., which provides guidance and ideas for the preparation and engineering application of high-performance LABs, Finally, the challenges and future improvement technologies of LABs are prospected.