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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVarticleRole of Water in Electron-Initiated Processes and Radical Chemistry: Issues and Scientific AdvancesBruce C. Garrett*Bruce C. GarrettChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail [email protected] or [email protected]).More by Bruce C. Garrett, David A. Dixon*David A. DixonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail [email protected] or [email protected]).More by David A. Dixon, Donald M. CamaioniDonald M. CamaioniChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Donald M. Camaioni, Daniel M. ChipmanDaniel M. ChipmanChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Daniel M. Chipman, Mark A. JohnsonMark A. JohnsonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Mark A. Johnson, Charles D. JonahCharles D. JonahChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Charles D. Jonah, Gregory A. KimmelGregory A. KimmelChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Gregory A. Kimmel, John H. MillerJohn H. MillerChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by John H. Miller, Thomas N. RescignoThomas N. RescignoChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Thomas N. Rescigno, Peter J. RosskyPeter J. RosskyChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Peter J. Rossky, Sotiris S. XantheasSotiris S. XantheasChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Sotiris S. Xantheas, Steven D. ColsonSteven D. ColsonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-14