Prevalence of Unhealthy Substance Use and Associated Characteristics Among Patients Presenting for Surgery

Objective: To assess the prevalence of and identify characteristics associated with unhealthy use before surgery. Background: Although the escalation in US drug overdose deaths is apparent, the unhealthy use of substances among patients presenting for surgery is unclear. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients presenting for elective surgical procedures between December 2018 and July 2021 and prospectively recruited to 1 of 2 clinical research studies (Michigan Genomics Initiative, Prevention of Iatrogenic Opioid Dependence after Surgery Study). The primary outcome was unhealthy substance use in the past 12 months as determined using the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use tool. Results: Among 1912 patients, unhealthy substance use was reported in 768 (40.2%). The most common substances with unhealthy use were illicit drugs [385 (20.1%)], followed by alcohol 358 (18.7%)], tobacco [262 (13.7%)], and prescription medications [86 (4.5%)]. Patients reporting unhealthy substance use were significantly more likely to be younger, male [aOR: 1.95 (95% CI, 1.58–2.42)], and have higher scores for pain [aOR: 1.07 (95% CI, 1.02–1.13)], and anxiety [aOR: 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01–1.04)]. Unhealthy substance use was more common among surgical procedures of the forearm, wrist, and hand [aOR: 2.58 (95% CI, 1.01–6.55)]. Conclusions: As many as 2 in 5 patients in the preoperative period may present with unhealthy substance use before elective surgery. Given the potential impact of substance use on surgical outcomes, increased recognition of the problem by screening patients is a critical next step for surgeons and perioperative care teams.