This paper investigates the latest trends and challenges of Java in enterprise application development. Through in-depth analysis of current technological advancements and market demands, we summarize emerging technologies and application scenarios of Java in the enterprise application domain. Simultaneously, we explore potential challenges in enterprise application development, including performance optimization, security, and microservices architecture. A comprehensive understanding of these trends and challenges can assist enterprises in making better choices regarding technology stacks, optimizing development processes, and meeting the evolving market demands.