Festival gamification: Conceptualization and scale development

Based on self-determination theory, this study developed a Festival Gamification Scale (FGS). Through multi-study method, in study 1, five FGS dimensions were sorted through literature review, followed by twelve in-depth interviews. A total of 296 statements were extracted from interviews and were later narrowed down to 33 items under six dimensions. In study 2, 226 responses were collected from a cycling festival for exploratory factor analysis, resulting in twenty items under five dimensions. In study 3, 253 responses were obtained from a marathon festival for confirmatory factor analysis, resulting in sixteen items under five dimensions. In study 4, for examining model extension of the developed five-dimensional 16-item FGS, cross-validation analysis was performed using 219 responses from a religious festival.