Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Dental Pulp Stem Cells, Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells, Apical Papilla Stem Cells, and Primary Teeth Stem Cells—Isolation, Characterization, and Expansion for Tissue Engineering

Dental stem cells (DSCs) have been shown to possess great potential for multiple biomedical applications, especially for dental tissue regeneration. They are a special type of subpopulation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and present subtle differences from other types of MSCs. Therefore, it requires a specialized expertise to isolate, culture, and characterize these cells in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this chapter is to share our experience in studying these cells. We will describe in detail laboratory protocols outlining how the cells are isolated, cultured, expanded, and characterized using various in vitro cellular and biochemical analyses, as well as an in vivo study model using immunocompromised mice to observe tissue regeneration after transplantation of these DSCs.