Apoptotic vesicles from macrophages exacerbate periodontal bone resorption in periodontitis via delivering miR-143-3p targeting Igfbp5

BACKGROUND: Apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), which are extracellular vesicles released by apoptotic cells, have been reported to exhibit substantial therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases and tissue regeneration. While extensive research has been dedicated to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the investigation into immune cell-derived ApoVs remains limited, particularly regarding the function and fate of macrophage-derived ApoVs in the context of periodontitis (PD).