Relationship between per-fluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and insulin resistance in nondiabetic adults: Evidence from NHANES 2003–2018

Studies have linked per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to chronic metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between PFAS exposure and insulin resistance (IR), a key pathophysiological basis of these metabolic diseases, in nondiabetic individuals have yet to be determined.