Ridge planting increases the rhizosphere microbiome diversity and improves the yield of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit in North China

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is an important traditional Chinese medicine. In North China, conventional flat planting of P . ternate is prone to root rot during the rainy season, leading to severe yield loss. Variations in planting patterns (e.g., ridge planting) can effectively alleviate this situation. However, the relationship between planting patterns and the changes induced by rhizosphere microbiome still needs to be determined. In this study, we clarified the effect of ridge planting on the yield of P . ternata and rhizosphere microbial community using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA. Field experiments showed that ridge planting could increase the yield of P . ternata by 72.69% compared with flat planting. The high-throughput sequencing results demonstrated that fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere siols of flat and ridge planting showed obvious difference in diversity, structure, relative abundance, and community composition. The fungal phyla Zygomycota , Basidiomycota , Glomeromycota , and the bacterial phyla Chlamydiae , Tenericutes , and Hydrogenedentes were present in a higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere of ridge planting. Adonis multivariate analysis of variance results showed that 29 bacterial genera were significantly up/down-regulated, and only 4 fungal genera were changed considerably in ridge planting soil, indicating that the bacterial community composition varied significantly between the two treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that the yield of P . ternata was positively correlated with fungal genera Emericellopsis while negatively correlated with bacterial genera Acetobacter , Iamia , and fungal genera Thielavia . Overall, this study showed that ridge cropping significantly impacts the diversity and composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. It creates an environment favorable for crop growth and can be an effective planting strategy for P . ternata in areas with irrigation and high monsoon rainfall in North China.