Characterization of G‐quadruplexes in the Helicobacter pylori genome and assessment of therapeutic potential of G4 ligands

Abstract Helicobacter pylori , a leading human pathogen associated with duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, presents a significant threat to human health due to increasing antibiotic resistance rates. This study investigates G‐quadruplexes (G4s), which are non‐canonical secondary structures form in G‐rich regions within the H. pylori genome. Extensive research on G4s in eukaryotes has revealed their role in epigenetically regulating cellular processes like gene transcription, DNA replication, and oncogene expression. However, understanding of G4‐mediated gene regulation in other organisms, especially bacterial pathogens, remains limited. Although G4 motifs have been extensively studied in a few bacterial species such as Mycobacterium , Streptococci , and Helicobacter , research on G4 motifs in other bacterial species is still sparse. Like in other organisms such as archaea, mammals, and viruses, G4s in H. pylori display a non‐random distribution primarily situated within open reading frames of various protein‐coding genes. The occurrence of G4s in functional regions of the genome and their conservation across different species indicates that their placement is not random, suggesting an evolutionary pressure to maintain these sequences at specific genomic sites. Moreover, G‐quadruplexes show enrichment in specific gene classes, suggesting their potential involvement in regulating the expression of genes related to cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, amino acid transport, and metabolism. This indicates a probable regulatory role for G4s in controlling the expression of genes essential for H. pylori survival and virulence. Biophysical techniques such as Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used to characterize G4 motifs within selected H. pylori genes. The study revealed that G‐quadruplex ligand inhibited the growth of H. pylori , with minimal inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. This suggests that targeting G4 structures could offer a promising approach for developing novel anti‐ H. pylori drugs.