Accurate Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using Microwave Imaging

Abstract Painless and non-invasive detection techniques are needed to replace finger-prick blood collection for people with diabetes. A first-of-its-kind, noninvasive, and continuous blood glucose level (BGL) detection method based on microwave imaging is introduced in this paper. This method avoids the complex task of frequency choice for the design of electromagnetic sensors. A radar-based microwave imaging technology combined with an improved very-deep super-resolution (VDSR-BL) method is presented to obtain high-resolution (HR) microwave images. After image super-resolution reconstruction by VDSR-BL, the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index of HR images reach 35.4461 dB and 0.9761, respectively. Then, an ensemble learning strategy based on support vector regression and random forest algorithms is proposed to identify HR microwave images for BGL estimation. The developed detection system has been verified on the medium under tests with different glucose solutions. The final detection results obtain a root mean squared error of 0.1394 mg ml −1 and a mean absolute relative difference of 8.02%, which show good accuracy with clinical acceptance. Meanwhile, we also conducted human trials. A high correlation coefficient ( R ) of 0.9254 was achieved between the results of microwave imaging and invasive BGL. Together, these results show that microwave imaging offers a promising new approach for noninvasive BGL monitoring.