Perspectives and trends in advanced DNA biosensors for the recognition of single nucleotide polymorphisms

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which seem to be vast differences in gene sequences, are the primary cause of individual variability. Moreover, multiple devastating abnormalities such as multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, hypertension, and many other diseases are associated with single nucleotide variations. Different approaches identify and differentiate single nucleotide substitutions at particular positions of the genome, allowing point-of-care diagnosis, accurate monitoring of drug responses and diseases. However, the health care industry requires more sophisticated and advanced technologies to detect SNPs, hinder disease progression, and revolutionize the drug development process. We show here that advanced biosensor systems can effectively track SNPs, providing a reliable and precise platform for subsequently identifying them. The main goal of this review is focused on novel SNP biosensors, paying special consideration to those based on electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric analysis. Moreover, the basic principles of advanced biosensors have been mentioned, and future trends in the sensing field are covered in this review.