Assessing Drivers’ Trust of Automated Vehicle Driving Styles With a Two-Part Mixed Model of Intervention Tendency and Magnitude

This study examines how driving styles of fully automated vehicles affect drivers' trust using a statistical technique-the two-part mixed model-that considers the frequency and magnitude of drivers' interventions.Adoption of fully automated vehicles depends on how people accept and trust them, and the vehicle's driving style might have an important influence.A driving simulator experiment exposed participants to a fully automated vehicle with three driving styles (aggressive, moderate, and conservative) across four intersection types (with and without a stop sign and with and without crossing path traffic). Drivers indicated their dissatisfaction with the automation by depressing the brake or accelerator pedals. A two-part mixed model examined how automation style, intersection type, and the distance between the automation's driving style and the person's driving style affected the frequency and magnitude of their pedal depression.The conservative automated driving style increased the frequency and magnitude of accelerator pedal inputs; conversely, the aggressive style increased the frequency and magnitude of brake pedal inputs. The two-part mixed model showed a similar pattern for the factors influencing driver response, but the distance between driving styles affected how often the brake pedal was pressed, but it had little effect on how much it was pressed.Eliciting brake and accelerator pedal responses provides a temporally precise indicator of drivers' trust of automated driving styles, and the two-part model considers both the discrete and continuous characteristics of this indicator.We offer a measure and method for assessing driving styles.