The potential role of fertilizer-derived exogenous bacteria on soil bacterial community assemblage and network formation

Manure fertilization contributes to crop production and sustainable agriculture by introducing large amounts of nutrients and exogenous microbes into soil. However, the contribution of exogenous microbes in shaping soil bacterial community and network structure after fertilization are still controversial. In this study, bacterial communities and network structure that received unsterilized (R + C) or sterilized (R + SC) manure fertilizers, as well as no fertilizer control (R), were characterized using high throughput sequencing. Results showed that the relative abundance of fertilizer-derived OTUs decreased from 10.4% to 4.6% after 90 days incubation, while the Bray-Curtis distance between the control and fertilization group (R + C and R + SC) gradually increased with the culture time. It can be supposed that manure fertilization altered soil bacterial communities by interfering the growth of indigenous bacteria rather than the colonization of fertilizer-derived bacteria. Network analysis showed that a subset of the fertilizer-derived OTUs identified as Xanthomonadales order and Promicromonospora , Constrictibacter genera acted as connectors between modules. They enhanced the interactions not only between soil-derived OTUs and fertilizer-derived OTUs, but also within indigenous bacteria, supported that the introduction of fertilizer-derived exogenous bacteria contributes large to soil bacterial network association. Moreover, fertilizer-derived OTUs presented to be positively correlated with soil pH, while majority soil-derived OTUs presented to be negatively correlated with various physicochemical variables (pH, DOC, NO 3 − , and LAP). Our study highlighted the critical role of fertilizer-derived bacteria in regulating indigenous soil microbial community and network formation after fertilization. • Manure fertilization altered soil bacterial communities mainly due to the organic components input. • Fertilizer-derived bacteria colonization contributed little to soil bacterial community shift under manure fertilization. • Some fertilizer-derived OTUs enhanced the interactions within indigenous bacteria as connectors.