Microfluidic Enzyme Immunoassay Using Silicon Microchip with Immobilized Antibodies and Chemiluminescence Detection

Silicon microchips with immobilized antibodies were used to develop microfluidic enzyme immunoassays using chemiluminescence detection and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the enzyme label. Polyclonal anti-atrazine antibodies were coupled to the silicon microchip surface with an overall dimension of 13.1 × 3.2 mm, comprising 42 porous flow channels of 235-μm depth and 25-μm width. Different immobilization protocols based on covalent or noncovalent modification of the silica surface with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS), linear polyethylenimine (LPEI, MW 750 000), or branched polyethylenimine (BPEI, MW 25 000), followed by adsorption or covalent attachment of the antibody, were evaluated to reach the best reusability, stability, and sensitivity of the microfluidic enzyme immunoassay (μFEIA). Adsorption of antibodies on a LPEI-modified silica surface and covalent attachment to physically adsorbed BPEI lead to unstable antibody coatings. Covalent coupling of antibodies via glutaraldehyde (GA) to three different functionalized silica surfaces (APTES−GA, LPEI−GA, and GOPS−BPEI−GA) resulted in antibody coatings that could be completely regenerated using 0.4 M glycine/HCl, pH 2.2. The buffer composition was shown to have a dramatic effect on the assay stability, where the commonly used phosphate buffer saline was proved to be the least suitable choice. The best long-term stability was obtained for the LPEI−GA surface with no loss of antibody activity during one month. The detection limits in the μFEIA for the three different immuno surfaces were 45, 3.8, and 0.80 ng/L (209, 17.7, and 3.7 pM) for APTES−GA, LPEI−GA, and GOPS−BPEI−GA, respectively.