Fully–integrated active–quenching circuit for single–photon detection

A monolithic active-quenching and active-reset circuit is presented, designed for avalanche photodiodes that detect single-photons by operating above the breakdown voltage (V B ) in a digital mode, known as SPAD's. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully-integrated circuit of this kind ever reported. It operates with any existing SPAD, also with very high V B , since the quenching pulse is high enough to operate a SPAD up to 30V above V B . The deadtime after each photon detection is adjustable; the minimum value is 50ns, i.e. the maximum saturated counting rate is 20Mcounts/s. Free-running and gated-detector operation are provided; the minimum gate-on time is about 20ns. The small size, low power dissipation (20mW stand-by) and high reliability of the circuit make it possible to develop miniaturized detection modules, for single detectors and for detector-arrays. Various applications are interested: DNA sequencing, photon-correlation spectroscopy, laser ranging, CMOS circuit testing by electroluminescence measurements, etc..