Regulatory effect of graphene on growth and carbon/nitrogen metabolism of maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract BACKGROUND Leakage of graphene into the environment has resulted from its increasing use. Although the impact of graphene on ecosystems is already in full swing, information regarding its impact on plants is lacking. In particular, the effects of graphene on plant growth and development vary, and basic information on the regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism is missing. In the current study, the way in which graphene (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 g kg −1 ) affects maize seedlings was studied in terms of morphological and biochemical indicators. The purpose of this study was to understand better how graphene regulates plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism and to understand its interactions with leaf structure and plant growth. RESULTS The results showed that 50 g kg −1 graphene increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry weight; however, this was inhibited by the high level of graphene (200 g kg −1 ). Further studies indicated that different concentrations of graphene could increase leaf thickness and vascular bundle area as well as the net photosynthetic rate ( P n) of leaves; 25 and 50 g kg −1 graphene enhanced the leaves stomatal conductance ( Cond ), transpiration rate ( T r), intercellular carbon dioxide ( C i), and chlorophyll content. Higher concentrations decreased the above indicators. At 50 g kg −1 , graphene increased the activity of carbon/nitrogen metabolism enzymes by increasing carbon metabolites (fructose, sucrose, and soluble sugars) and soluble proteins (nitrogen metabolites). These enzymes included sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). CONCLUSION These results indicate that graphene can regulate the activities of key enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism effectively and supplement nitrogen metabolism through substances produced by carbon metabolism by improving photosynthetic efficiency, thus maintaining the balance between carbon and nitrogen and promoting plant growth and development. The relationship between these indexes explained the mechanism by which graphene supported the growth of maize seedlings by enhancing photosynthetic carbon metabolism and maintaining metabolic balance. For maize seedling growth, graphene treatment with 50 g kg −1 soil is recommended. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.