Advances achieved in solid-phase microextraction using polymeric ionic liquids

The monitoring of pollutants plays a crucial role in environmental analysis, in which the development of more efficient and greener analytical methods is in high demand. To meet these requirements, the application of ionic liquids (ILs) as high-performance and selective solvents and based materials in new (ideally miniaturized) preparation techniques of environmental samples holds great promise. Given their relevance and the advances achieved, this chapter overviews and discusses the application of polymeric ILs as alternative materials in solid-phase microextraction applied to environmental samples. Polymeric ILs synthesis and properties are first described, followed by an overview of their application as fiber coatings in solid-phase microextraction from distinct environmental samples containing different pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, phthalate esters, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Types of environmental samples, solid-phase microextraction modes, types of support materials, polymeric ILs structures, and analytical techniques used in the identification and quantification of environmental pollutants are discussed. Following the reviewed information, challenges and future trends in the application of polymeric ILs within solid-phase microextraction are provided.