3D Neurovascular Unit Tissue Model to Assess Responses to Traumatic Brain Injury

ABSTRACT The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a critical interface in the central nervous system that links vascular interactions with glial and neural tissue. Disruption of the NVU has been linked to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its significance the NVU remains challenging to study in a physiologically relevant manner. Here, a 3D cell triculture model of the NVU is developed that incorporates human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes into a tissue system that can be sustained in vitro for several weeks. This tissue model helps recapitulate the complexity of the NVU and can be used to interrogate the mechanisms of disease and cell–cell interactions. The NVU tissue model displays elevated cell death and inflammatory responses following mechanical damage, to emulate traumatic brain injury (TBI) under controlled laboratory conditions, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, elevated inflammatory markers TNF‐α and monocyte chemoattractant cytokines MCP‐2 and MCP‐3 and reduced expression of the tight junction marker ZO‐1. This 3D tissue model serves as a tool for deciphering mechanisms of TBIs and immune responses associated with the NVU.