The journey so far with SARS-CoV-2 variants: Pathogenesis, immunity and treatments

医学 免疫 病毒学 群体免疫 人口 免疫学 免疫系统 接种疫苗 环境卫生
作者
Daniel Danladi Gaiya,Jonathan Danladi Gaiya,Richard Auta,Aliyu Muhammad,Bege Jonathan,Stella Kuyet Udu,Ekpa Emmanuel,Amina Shehu Bature
出处
期刊:AIMS allergy and immunology [American Institute of Mathematical Sciences]
卷期号:7 (4): 222-250
标识
DOI:10.3934/allergy.2023016
摘要

<abstract> <p>The recruitment of therapeutics and most importantly COVID-19 vaccines has seen a measurable reduction in transmission, re-infection, severity, hospitalization and mortality associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The development and approval of some vaccines and therapeutics undoubtedly signaled renewed hope for public health personnel, the government, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the entire world population. At present, most countries have progressed beyond administering first and second doses to administering COVID-19 vaccine updated boosters to prevent transmission and provide protection. Notably, a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine from Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna, also called an “updated” COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, is a formulation that houses the original virus strain and omicron BA.1, which provides broad immunity against COVID-19 including the omicron variant (BA.1) and the Paxlovid drug (Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) authorized for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency. This current review outlines the variant of concern (VOC), viral cell entry and pathogenesis, host immunity and viral immune evasion. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic and vaccine treatment approach, WHO and FDA authorization, vaccine storage and vaccine efficacy. In conclusion, bearing in mind the trend of continued mutations as observed on the spike (S) glycoprotein and receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, which lead to more immune-evasive strains such as BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BF.7, XBB and XBB.1, researcher and clinician attention should be tailored toward the design and development of variant-specific vaccines for future interventions.</p> </abstract>
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