The processes of preferential flow in the unsaturated zone

大孔隙 流量(数学) 水流 基质(化学分析) 饱和(图论) 土壤科学 地质学 流动条件 环境科学 水文学(农业) 机械 化学 岩土工程 材料科学 物理 数学 复合材料 催化作用 组合数学 介孔材料 生物化学
作者
John R. Nimmo
出处
期刊:Soil Science Society of America Journal [Wiley]
卷期号:85 (1): 1-27 被引量:142
标识
DOI:10.1002/saj2.20143
摘要

Abstract Preferential flow, a major influence in unsaturated soil and rock almost everywhere, occurs by multiple phenomenologically distinct hydraulic processes. For the mode known as funneled flow, concentrated in particularly conductive portions of the medium, the surface‐tension/viscous‐flow processes of traditional unsaturated flow theory predominate. Fingered flow, through conductive paths of higher water content than surrounding material, requires amendments to traditional theory concerning instabilities and dynamic flow‐regime boundaries. Macropore flow, the most recognized preferential flow mode, poses unanswered questions and major difficulties in practice. Accumulated evidence shows that water flows preferentially mostly through macropores that are (a) only partially filled with water, and (b) surrounded by matrix material that is drier, sometimes much drier, than saturation. With partial filling, geometric characteristics such as aperture have much less influence than was previously thought, and the intra‐macropore configuration of the flowing water phase, about which little is conclusively known, is then a dominant controlling influence. With unsaturated surroundings, macropore/matrix exchange interactions control, for given input and medium, the initiating circumstances, conveyed flux, and duration of macropore flow. The multiple processes in play during such interactions have different sensitivities to the matrix water state and different directions of influence. The net influence of matrix water content on macropore flow is thus highly complex and a major research need. Additional high‐priority topics are: flowpath connectivity, for watersheds as well as small scales; intra‐macropore processes, to discern their importance and possible means of quantification; and the identification of measurable soil and rock properties that can be utilized predictively.
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