Shape Memory Materials for Biomedical Applications

Advanced Engineering MaterialsVolume 4, Issue 3 p. 91-104 Review Shape Memory Materials for Biomedical Applications F. El Feninat, F. El Feninat Research Center, St. François d'Assise Hospital, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Pouliot Building, Room 1745-E, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorG. Laroche, G. Laroche Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorM. Fiset, M. Fiset Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorD. Mantovani, D. Mantovani [email protected] Search for more papers by this author F. El Feninat, F. El Feninat Research Center, St. François d'Assise Hospital, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Pouliot Building, Room 1745-E, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorG. Laroche, G. Laroche Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorM. Fiset, M. Fiset Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4 (Canada)Search for more papers by this authorD. Mantovani, D. Mantovani [email protected] Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 March 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(200203)4:3<91::AID-ADEM91>3.0.CO;2-BCitations: 352AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Shape memory properties provide a very attractive insight into materials science, opening unexplored horizons and giving access to unconventional functions in every material class (metals, polymers, and ceramics). In this regard, the biomedical field, forever in search of materials that display unconventional properties able to satisfy the severe specifications required by their implantation, is now showing great interest in shape memory materials, whose mechanical properties make them extremely attractive for many biomedical applications. However, their biocompatibility, particularly for long-term and permanent applications, has not yet been fully established and is therefore the object of controversy. On the other hand, shape memory polymers (SMPs) show promise, although thus far, their biomedical applications have been limited to the exploration. This paper will first review the most common biomedical applications of shape memory alloys and SMPs and address their critical biocompatibility concerns. Finally, some engineering implications of their use as biomaterials will be examined. REFERENCES 1 M. Jacoby, Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79(6), 30. 2 D. Mantovani, J. Min. Met. Mater. Soc. 2000, 52(10), 36. 3 T. Deurig, A. Pelton, D. Stöckel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1999, 273–275, 149. 4 A. Ölander, Z. Kristallogr. A 1932, 83, 145. 5 A. B Greninger, V.G. Mooradian, Trans. AIME 1938, 128, 337. 6 W.J. Buehler, F.E. Wang, Ocean Eng. 1967, 1, 105. 7 F.T. Worrell, J. Appl. Phys. 1948, 19, 929. 8 M.J. Duggin, Acta Metall. 1966, 14, 123. 9 T. Tadaki, Y. Katano, K. Shimizu, Acta Metall. 1978, 26, 883. 10 V.V. Martynov, K. Enami, L.G. Khandros, S. Nenno, A.V. Tkachenko, Phys. Met. Metallogr. 1983, 55, 136. 11 Y. Kudoh, M. Tokonami, S. Miyazaki, K. Otsuka, Acta Metall. 1985, 33, 2049. 12 T. Ohba, Y. Emura, S. Miyazaki, K. Otsuka, Mater. Trans., JIM 1990, 31, 12. 13 J. Ye, M. Tokonami, K. Otsuka, Metall. Trans. A 1990, 21, 2669. 14 Y. Noda, S.M. Shapiro, G. Shirane, Y. Yamada, K. Fuchizaki, L.E. Tanner, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 299. 15 H. Sakamato, H. Tsuzuki, K. Shimizu, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 305. 16 M. Liu, T.R. Finlayson, T.F. Smith, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 311. 17 Y. Shugo, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 631. 18 A. Hedayat, J. Rechtien, K. Mukhejee, J. Mater. Sci. Med. 1992, 3, 65. 19 X. Wen, N. Zhang, X. Li, Z. Cao, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng. 1997, 9, 1. 20 V. D. Asanovic, B. F. Perovic, I. D. Radusinovic, in Shape Memory Alloys: Proceedings of the International Symposium, 38th Conference of Metallurgists of CIM (Eds: F. Trochu, V. Brailovski, A. Galibois), Québec, Canada 1999, p. 185. 21 D. Bernard, C. Remise, L'H. Yahia, E. Phan, M. Assad, F. Boudreault, in Shape Memory Alloys: Proceedings of the International Symposium, 38th Conference of Metallurgists of CIM (Eds: F. Trochu, V. Brailovski, A. Galibois), Québec, Canada 1999, p. 339. 22 O. Mercier, K.N. Melton, Metall. Trans. A 1979, 10, 357. 23 R.H. Bricknell, K.N. Melton, O. Mercier, Metall. Trans. A 1979, 10, 693. 24 T. Saburi, T. Komatsu, S. Neenno, Y. Watanabe, J. Less-Common Met. 1986, 118, 217. 25 K. Otsuka, C. M. Wayman, in Shape Memory Materials (Eds: K. Otsuka, C. M. Wayman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, p. 149. 26 M. Ahlers, Prog. Mater. Sci. 1986, 30(3), 135. 27 J. Van Humbeeck, Proc. Int. Symp. (Eds: M. M. Rath, M. S. Misra), Toronto, Canada 1985, p. 5. 28 T. Saburi, in Shape Memory Materials (Eds: K. Otsuka, C. M. Wayman), Cambridge 1998, p. 49. 29 U. Blum, New Eng. J. Med. 1997, 336, 13. 30 D. E. Hodgson, M. H. Wu, R. J. Biermann, Shape Memory Alloys, whitepaper by SMA-Inc., San Jose, CA 1999, http://www.sma-inc.com/SMAPaper.html. 31 G.B. Brooks, Gold. Bull. 1972, 6, 8. 32 G.V. Raynor, Gold. Bull. 1976, 9, 50. 33 C. W. H. Lam, W. H. Zou, C. Y. Chung, J. K. L. Lai, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Pacific Grove, CA 1997, p. 101. 34 M. Webb, S.M. Weinzierl, Br. J. Cancer 1972, 26, 292. 35 F.W. Sunderman, Fed. Proc. 1978, 37, 40. 36 J.C. Wataha, C.T. Hanks, R.G. Craig, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1991, 25, 1133. 37 A. D. Johnson, J. Krämer, State-of-the Art of Shape Memory Actuators, whitepaper 1998, http://www.sma-mems.com/act98.html. 38 D.E. Cutright, S.N. Bhaskar, B. Perez, R.M. Johnson, G.S.J. Cowan, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Phatol. 1973, 35, 578. 39 T. Iwabuchi, S. Suzuki, K. Ebina, T. Honma, J. Neurosurg. 1975, 42, 733. 40 L.S. Castleman, S.M. Motzkin, F.P. Alicandri, M. Giani, L. Pirrotta, P. Puddu, G. Girolomoni, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1976, 10, 695. 41 M. Simon, R. Kaplow, E. Salzman, D. Freiman, Radiology 1977, 125, 87. 42 I. Y. U. Khmelevskaya, E. P. Ryklina, T. V. Morozova, Proceedings 1st International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Pacific Grove, CA, March 1994, p. 495. 43 W.V. Moorleghem, M. Chandrasekaran, D. Reynaerts, J. Peirs, H.V. Brussel, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 8, 55. 44 S. Miyazaki, Y. Ohmi, K Otsuka, Y. Suzuki, J. de Phys. 1982, 43 Suppl. 12, C4-225. 45 Y. Oshura, J. Jpn. Orthod. Soc. 1984, 43, 71. 46 C.J. Burstone, B. Quin, J.Y. Morton, Am. J. Orthod. 1985, 187, 445. 47 H. Yoshizawa, E. Shigeura, K. Suzuki, S. Fukuyo, K. Hashimoto, E. Sirenji, Dental Implant 1985, 10, 12. 48 T.W. Duerig, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 679. 49 R. Sachdeva, S. Fukuyo, R. Sachedeva, S. Fukuyo, K. Suzuki, Y. Oshida, S. Miyazaki, Mater. Sci. Forum 1990, 56–58, 693. 50 G.F. Andreasen, T.B. Hilleman, J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1971, 182, 1373. 51 G.F. Andreasen, R.E. Morrow, Am. J. Orthod. 1978, 73, 142. 52 R. C. L. Sachdeva, S. Miyazaki, in Engineering Aspect of Shape Memory Alloys (Eds: T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel, C. M. Wayman), Butterworth-Heinemann, Toronto 1990, p. 452. 53 F.J. Gil, E. Fernández, J.M. Manero, J.A. Planell, J. Sabriá, M. Cortada, L. Giner, Biomed. Mater. Eng. 1996, 6, 153. 54 Y. Sekiguchi, in Application of shape memory alloys: Medical applications (Ed: H. Funakubo), Gordon and Breach Science, New York 1987, p. 226. 55 J. Ryhänen, M. Kallioinen, W. Serto, P. Perämäki, J. Junila, P. Sandvik, E. Niemela, J. Tuukkanen, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 47, 472. 56 H. Ohnishi, Z. Zouki, Artif. Organs 1983, 12, 862. 57 J. Musialek, P. Filip, J. Nieslanik, Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg. 1998, 117, 341. 58 O. Rica, in Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies Proceedings of SMST (Eds: A. R. Pelton, D. E. Hodgson, S. M. Russell, T. W. Duerig), Pacific Grove, CA, March 1997, p. 623. 59 J. Ryhänen, Doctoral Thesis, Oulu University, Finland 1999. 60 C.T. Dotter, R.W. Buschmann, M.K. McKinney, J. Rosch, Radiology 1983, 147, 259. 61 A. Cragg, G. Lund, J. Rysavy, F. Castaneda, W. Castanela-Zuniga, K. Amplatz, Radiology 1983, 147, 261. 62 P.P. de Jaegere, F.D. Eefting, J.J. Popma, P.W. Serruys, Semin. Interv. Cardiol. 1996, 1, 233. 63 S.N. Oesterie, R. Whitbourn, P.J. Fitzgeral, A.C. Yeung, S.H. Stertzer, M.D. Dake, P.G. Yock, R. Virmani, Am. Heart J. 1998, 136, 578. 64 H. Schwarzenberg, S. Muller-Hulsbeck, C.C. Gluer, F. Wesner, M. Heller, Am. J. Roentgenol. 1998, 170, 1181. 65 J.M. Muller, H. Erasmi, M. Stelzner, Br. J. Surg. 1990, 77, 845. 66 B. Acunas, I. Rozanes, S. Akpinar, A. Tunaci, M. Tunaci, G. Acunas, Radiology 1996, 199, 648. 67 A. V. Tobolsky, in Properties and Structures of Polymers (Eds: A. V. Tobolsky, H. F. Mark), Wiley, New York 1971, p. 214. 68 Y. Shirai, S. Hayashi, Development of polymeric shape memory material, Mitsibushi, Technical Bulletin 1988, 184, 1. 69 A. Bhattacharyya, H. Tobushi, J. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2000, 40, 2498. 70 K. Komuro, H. Watanabe, H. Onishi, Japanese Patent 366 486 A(2), 1990. 71 T. Oosawa, T. Matsumoto, Japan Kokai, Japanese Patent 05 305 666, 1993. 72 H. Yoshtsugu, T. Yoshtsugu, Japanese Patent 04 100 853, 1992. 73 S. Hayashi, US Patent 5 135 786, 1992. 74 S. Takei, in Development and Applications of Shape Memory Polymers (in Japanese) (Ed: M. Irie), CMC, Tokyo 1989, p. 11. 75 T. Hirai, H. Maruyama, T. Suzuki, S. Hayasi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1992, 45, 1849. 76 P. Frenger, Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 1993, 29, 47. 77 E. M. James, Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, AIP, New York 1996, p. 139. 78 R. I. Leininger, D. M. Bigg, in Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical, and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials (Ed: A. F. Von Recum), Macmillan, New York 1986, p. 24. 79 J.D. Chiodo, E.H. Billet, IEEE Int. Symp. Electron. Environ. 1999, 151. 80 M. Irie, in Shape memory materials (Eds: K. Otsuka, C. M. Wayman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, p. 203. 81 M. Irie, Adv. Polym. Sci. 1990, 94, 27. 82 Hayashi, in International Progress in Urethane, University of Detroit (Mercy) Press, Detroit, MI 1993, p. 90. 83 C.D. Eisenbach, Polymers 1982, 21, 1175. 84 T. Hirai, H. Maruyama, T. Suzuki, S. Hayasi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1992, 45, 1849. 85 T. Hirai, Y. Asada, S. Hayashi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1989, 38, 491. 86 K. Yamaura, H. Katoh, T. Tanigami, S. Matsuzawa, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1987, 37, 2347. 87 M. Ishii, K. Wada, S. Minatono, Development of shape memory polymers, Kuraray Co. Ltd. 1987, 7(12), 28. 88 H. Watanabe, H. Onishi, Block copolymers with shape memory, Nippon Zeon Co. Ltd., 27 October 1988. 89 T. Matsuki, J. Kuwata, Shape-memory thermoplastic block polyester–polyethers, Toray Industries, Inc., 15 September 1990. 90 S. Hayashi, Properties and applications of polyurethane-series shape memory polymer, in International Progress Urethanes, Univ. of Detroit Press, Detroit, MI, 1993, p. 453. 91 W.J. Maloney, R.L. Smith, F. Castro, D.J. Schurman, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 1993, 75, 835. 92 C. Liang, C.A. Rogers, E. Malafeew, J. Intell. Mater. Sys. Struct. 1997, 8, 380. 93 S. Ashley, in Shape shifters: Shape memory polymers find use in medicine and clothing, Scientific American: Science and The Citizen, May 2001. 94 E. Echigo, T. Matsuda, T. Kamiya, E. Tsuda, K. Suda, K. Huroe, Y. Ono, K. Yazawa, ASAIO Trans. 1990, 36, M195. 95 W.J. Rashkind, C.É. Mullins, W.E. Hellenbrand, M.A. Tait, Circulation 1987, 75, 583. 96 R. S. Langer, A. Lendlein, A. Schmidt, H. Grablowitz, US Patent 6 160 084, 2000. 97 M. Bernnan, Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79(6), 5. 98 L. L. Shrier, R. A. Jarman, G. T. Burstein, in Corrosion-Metal/Environment Reactions (Ed: J. Hill), Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford 1995, p. 3. 99 J.C. Palmaz, Am. J. Radiol. 1993, 160, 613. 100 J.C. Palmaz, Tex. Heart Inst. J. 1997, 24, 156. 101 R. Beyar, R. Shofti, E. Grenedier, M. Henry, O. Globerman, M. Beyar, Cathet. Cardiol. Diagn. 1994, 32, 162. 102 C.C. Shih, S.J. Lin, Y.L. Chen, Y.Y. Su, S.T. Lai, G.J. Wu, C.F. Kwok, K.W. Chung, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 52, 395. 103 G.A. Gristina, Science 1987, 237, 1588. 104 R.G. Craig, C.T. Hanks, J. Dent. Res. 1990, 69, 1542. 105 N. Jacobsen, Scand. J. Dent. Res. 1977, 85, 567. 106 E.J. Evans, I.T. Thomas, Biomaterials 1986, 7, 25. 107 J.C. Wataha, C.T. Hanks, R.G. Craig, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1991, 25, 1133. 108 F.W. Sunderman, Fed. Proc. 1978, 37, 40. 109 M. Webb, S.M. Weinzierl, Br. J. Cancer 1972, 26, 292. 110 M. Uo, F. Watari, A. Yokoyama, H. Matsumo, Biomaterials 2001, 22, 677. 111 A.J. Carter, D. Scott, J.R. Laird, L. Bailey, J.A. Kovach, T.G. Hoopes, K. Pierce, K. Health, K. Hess, A. Farb, R. Virmani, Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1998, 44, 193. 112 M. Berger-Gorbet, B. Broxup, C.H. Rivard, L'H. Yahia, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1996, 32, 243. 113 S. Shabaovsky, J. Cunnuck, J. Anderegg, B. Harmon, R. Sachdeva, in Proceedings of The First International Conference Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (Eds: A. R. Pelton, D. E. Hodgson, T. W. Duerig), Pacific Grove, CA, March 1994. 114 M. Assad, S. Lombardi, S. Berneche, E.A. Desrosiers, L'H. Yahia, C.H. Rivard, Ann. Chir. 1994, 48, 731. 115 J. Black, in Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility, 2nd ed., Marcel Decker, New York 1992, p. 38. 116 M. Kononen, M. Hormia, J. Kivilahti, J. Hautaniemi, I. Thesleff, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1992, 26, 1325. 117 W.J. Maloney, R.L. Smith, F. Castro, D.J. Schurman, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 1993, 75, 835. 118 A.S. Shanbhag, J.J. Jacobs, J. Black, J.O. Galante, T.T. Glant, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1994, 28, 81. 119 C. Li, K. H. Wu, in Proceedings of The First International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (Eds: A. R. Pelton, D. E. Hodgson, T. W. Duerig), Pacific Grove, CA, March 1994, p. 227. 120 K. Takamura, K. Hayashi, N. Ishinishi, T. Yamada, Y. Sugioka, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1994, 28, 589. 121 M. Okuyama, M.L'H. Yahia, D.L. Piron, S. Lombardi, Biomater. Living Syst. Int. 1995, 3, 145. 122 M. G. Fontana, in Corrosion engineering: Modern theory and applications, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1986, p. 445. 123 H. Oonishi, E. Tsuji, M. Miyaga, J. Hamada, Y. Suzuki, T. Nabeshima, T. Hamaguchi, N. Okabe, Trans. Soc. Biomater. 1984, 7, 183. 124 G. Bensmann, F. Baumgart, J. Haasters, Trans. Soc. Biomater. 1982, 4, 90. 125 K. Matsumoto, N. Tajima, S. Kuwahara, J. Jpn. Orthop. Assoc. 1993, 67, 267. 126 F.W. Sunderman Jr., K.S. Kasprzak, T.J. Lau, P.P. Minghetti, R.M. Maenza, N. Becker, C. Onkelinx, P.J. Goldblatt, Cancer Res. 1976, 36, 1790. 127 E.E. Morse, T.Y. Lee, R.F. Reiss, F.W. Sunderman Jr., Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1977, 7, 17. 128 K. Takamura, K. Hayashi, N. Ishinishi, T. Yamada, Y. Sugioka, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1994, 28, 583. 129 D. F Williams, Toxicity of Implanted Metals. Fundamental Aspects of Biocompatibility, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1981, p. 45. 130 P.G. Laing, A.B. Ferguson Jr., E.S. Hodge, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1967, 1, 135. 131 J.L.M. Putters, D.M.K.S. Kaulesar Sukul, G.R. de Zeeuw, A. Bijima, P.A. Besselink, Eur. Surg. Res. 1992, 24, 378. 132 R. Venugopalan, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 48, 829. 133 H.G. Willert, J. Ludwig, M. Semlitsh, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. A 1974, 56, 1368. 134 T.P. Schmalzried, M. Jasty, W.H. Harris, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. A 1992, 74, 849. 135 H.G. Willert, H. Bertram, G.H. Buchorn, Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 1990, 258, 95. 136 A.S. Shanbhag, J.J. Jacobs, T.T. Glant, J.L. Gilbert, J. Black, J.O. Galante, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. B 1994, 76, 60. 137 H. Oonishi, Y. Kadoya, S. Masuda, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (Appl. Biomater.) 2001, 58, 167. 138 M.D. Lelah, L.K. Lambrecht, B.R. Young, S.L. Cooper, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1983, 17, 1. 139 A. Takahara, J.I. Tashita, T. Kajiyama, M. Takayanagi, W.J. Macknight, Polymers 1985, 26, 987. 140 J.H. Silver, J.W. Marchant, S.L. Cooper, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1993, 27, 1443. 141 K.Y. Chen, J.F. Kuo, C.Y. Chen, Biomaterials 2000, 21, 161. 142 A.Z. Okkema, S.L. Cooper, Biomaterials 1991, 12, 668. 143 S.C. Chang, D.C. Birdsell, C.Y. Gradeen, Clin. Chem. 1991, 37, 2413. 144 O. Sepai, S. Czech, P. Eckert, D. Henschler, G. Sabbioni, Toxicol. Lett. 1995, 77, 371. 145 T.R. Hester, N.F. Ford, P.J. Gale, J.L. Hammett, R. Raymond, D. Tumbull, V.H. Frankos, M.B. Cohen, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1997, 100, 1291. 146 K. Dai, Y. Chu, Biomed. Mater. Eng. 1996, 6, 233. 147 D.J. Wever, A.G. Velhuizen, M.M. Sanders, J.M. Schakenraad, J.R. Van Horn, Biomaterials 1997, 18, 1115. 148 M. Assad, L'H. Yahia, C.H. Rivard, N. Lemieux, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 41, 154. 149 J. Ryhänen, M. Kallioinen, J. Tuukkanen, J. Junita, E. Niemelä, P. Sandvik, W. Serlo, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 41, 481. 150 C. Trépanier, T.K. Leung, M. Tabrizian, L'H. Yahia, J.G. Bienvenu, J.F. Tanguay, D.L. Piron, L. Bilodeau, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 48, 165. 151 S. Lombardi, Thesis, École Polytechnique, Montréal, Canada 1995. 152 K. Endo, Dent. Mater. J. 1995, 14(2), 185. 153 K. Endo, Dent. Mater. J. 1995, 14(2), 199. 154 L'H. Yahia, S. Lombardi, D.L. Piron, J.E. Klemberg-Sapieha, M.R. Wertheimer, Med. Prog. Technol. 1997, 21(4), 187. 155 F. Villermaux, M. Tabrizian, L'H. Yahia, G. Czeremuszkin, D.L. Piron, Biomed. Mater. Eng. 1996, 6, 241. 156 C.C. Shih, S.J. Lin, K.H. Chung, Y.Y. Su, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 52, 323. 157 M. Tabrizian, F. Villermaux, L'H. Yahia, M. Meunier, G. Czermuszkin, M. Wertheimer, D. L. Piron, Biocompatibility issues for NiTi shape memory alloys medical devices, A one-day seminar on shape memory alloys, Mississagua, ON, Canada, December 1996. 158 L. Chandra, M. Allen, R. Butter, N. Rushton, A.H. Lettington, T.W. Clyne, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 1995, 6, 581. 159 F. Villermaux, M. Tabrizian, L'H. Yahia, M. Menier, D.L. Piron, Appl. Surf. Sci. 1997, 110, 62. 160 A.J. Hendry, R.M. Pilliar, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (Appl. Biomater.) 2001, 58, 156. 161 S. Lombardi, L'H. Yahia, J. E. Klemberg-Sapieha, D. L. Piron, A. Selmani, C. H. Rivard, G. Drouin, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technology (Eds: A. Petlon, D. Hodgson, T. Duerig), Pacific Grove, CA, March 1994. 162 E.S. Cartisle, M.R. Mariappan, K.D. Nelson, B.E. Thomes, R.B. Timmons, A. Constantinescu, R.C. Eberhart, P.E. Bankey, Tissue Eng. 2000, 6, 45. 163 D.J. Wever, A.G. Vedhnizen, J. de Vries, H.J. Busscher, D.R.A. Uges, J.R. Van Horn, Biomaterials 1998, 19, 761. 164 C. Trépanier, M. Tabrizian, L'H. Yahia, L. Bilodeau, D.L. Piron, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 43, 423. 165 S.A. Shabalovskaya, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng. 1996, 6, 267. 166 L'H. Yahia, S. Lombardi, D. L. Piron, O. Okuyama, in 38th Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM on Shape Memory Alloys: Fundamental, Modeling and Industrial Applications (Eds: F. Trochu, V. Braillovski, A. Galibois), Québec, Canada 1999, p. 383. 167 E. Rechavia, F. Litvack, M.C. Fishbien, M. Nakamura, N. Eigler, Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1998, 45, 202. 168 H. Kimura, T. Sohmura, Dent. Mater. Apparatus 1987, 6(1), 73. 169 S. Shabalovskaya, J. Anderegg, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1995, 13, 2624. 170 P.J. Vezeau, G.F. Koorbusch, R.A. Draughn, J.C. Keller, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996, 54, 738. 171 J. Silvaggio, L.M.M. Hicks, J. Endodont. 1997, 23, 731. 172 B. Thierry, M. Tabrizian, O. Savadogo, L'H. Yahia, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 49, 88. 173 J.A. Hubbell, Biotechnology 1995, 13, 565. 174 B.D. Ratner, J. Mol. Recognit. 1996, 9, 617. 175 C. W. Patrick Jr., A. G. Mikos, L. V. McIntire, in Frontier in Tissue Engineering (Eds: C. W. Patrick, A. G. Mikos, L. V. McIntire), Elsevier Science, New York 1998, p. 700. 176 C.M. Agrawal, R.B. Ray, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 55, 141. 177 A.G. Mikos, A.J. Thorsen, L.A. Czerwonka, Y. Bao, R. Langer, D.N. Winslow, J.P. Vacanti, Polymers 1994, 35, 1068. 178 P. X. Ma, R. Langer, in Polymers in Medicine and Pharmacy (Eds: A. G. Mikos, K. W. Leong, M. L. Radomsky, J. A. Tamada, M. J. Yaszemski), Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1995, p. 99. 179 R. Zhang, P.X. Ma, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 45, 285. 180 D.L. Elbert, J.A. Hubbell, Annu. Rev. Mater Sci. 1996, 26, 365. 181 R.A. Quirk, W.C. Chan, M.C. Davies, S.J.B. Tendler, K.M. Shakesheff, Biomaterials 2001, 22, 865. 182 C. W. Patrick Jr., P. B. Chauvin, G. L. Robb, in Frontiers in Tissue Engineering (Eds: C. W. Patrick, A. G. Mikos, L. V. McIntire), Elsevier Science, New York 1998, p. 369. 183 C.M. Agrawal, J. Bert, J.D. Heckman, B.D. Boyan, Biomaterials 1995, 16, 1255. 184 K.A. Athanasiou, D. Korvick, R.C. Schenck, Tissue Eng. 1997, 3, 363. 185 G. Vunjak-Navokovic, I. Martin, B. Obradovic, S. Treppo, A.J. Grodzinsky, R. Langer, L.E. Freed, J. Orthop. Res. 1999, 17, 130. 186 S.E. Ibim, K.E. Uhrich, R. Bronson, S.F. El-Amin, R. Langer, C.T. Laurencin, Biomaterials 1998, 19, 941. 187 S.E. Ibim, K.E. Uhrich, M. Attawia, V.R. Shastri, S.F. El-Amin, R. Bronson, R. Langer, C.T. Laurencin, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 43, 374. 188 J. Choueka, J.L. Koval, H. Alexander, K.S. James, L.A. Hooper, J. Kohn, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1996, 31, 35. 189 J.E. Babensee, R.M. Cornelius, J.L. Brash, M.V. Sefton, Biomaterials 1998, 17, 839. 190 S. Lu, K.S. Anseth, J. Controlled Release 1999, 57, 291. 191 T. Hadlock, J. Elisseeff, R. Langer, J. Vacanti, M. Cheney, Arch. Otolaryngol Head Nick Surg. 1998, 124, 1081. 192 C.K. Kuo, P.X. Ma, Biomaterials 2001, 22, 511. Citing Literature Volume4, Issue3March, 2002Pages 91-104 ReferencesRelatedInformation