Fostering consensus for the implementation of a clinical pharmacy specialization: a nominal group technique approach with pharmacy stakeholders

Abstract Objectives To explore the need for a specialization in clinical pharmacy and the model to be adopted, as perceived by Portuguese stakeholders. Methods A nominal group technique through two online meetings addressed four questions: pros and cons of specialization models used internationally; preferred model for Portugal; and success factors for implementation. Key findings All nine stakeholders recognized the need to train pharmacists in clinical pharmacy and agreed specialization is essential, through a model including strong clinical undergraduate education, supplemented with postgraduate training. The postgraduate component considered most suited comprised a balanced approach to theoretical and practical training, where the relative weigh of theory (20%–60%) could progressively decrease with the implementation of the European directive 2024/782 establishing the minimum training requirements for the professions of pharmacists, where the clinical pharmacy is to be strengthened at the undergraduate level. Success factors for implementing this model include, establishing a regulatory framework for the career and the desired characteristics of the graduates from the postgraduate programme. Conclusions This study led to a consensus among key Portuguese stakeholders on the model to be adopted for a clinical pharmacy specialization in Portugal and, the information gathered will be used to guide future implementation.