Novel MOF-derived dual Z-scheme g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3/β-Bi2O3 heterojunctions with enhanced photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

A series of novel g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3/β-Bi2O3 ternary heterojunctions were synthesized by bismuth-based metal–organic framework (Bi-MOF) derived strategy. The developed ternary composites represented higher specific surface area, superior utilization of visible light, boosted charge transfer and spatial separation capabilities through the electron transfer channels by Bi-N bonds and the construction of heterojunctions. Under visible light irradiation, the optimal composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, which could degrade around 96.7 % of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) within 120 min. Furthermore, the possible charge carrier transport mechanism of dual Z-scheme heterojunctions was revealed. Besides, improved composites presented preeminent photodegradation ability over a wide pH scope, intense anti-interference to manifold anions, and excellent adaptability for various pollutants and even diverse water quality. Meanwhile, the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as toxicity test validated low toxicity of the intermediates. Overall, the novel photocatalysts might inspire the rational design of ternary heterojunctions and offer a green way for efficient degradation of organic pollutants.