Examining Perceived Privacy, Perceived Security and Technology Anxiety into UMEGA in Improving Adoption Behavior of E-Government Services: An Evidence from Pakistan

This study examines the relationship of perceived privacy, perceived security, technology anxiety, effort expectancy, and performance expectancy with citizens' adoption behavior directly and through trust and attitude. This study integrated perceived privacy, perceived security, and technology anxiety into the UMEGA framework. Data were collected from 759 citizens in Pakistan and analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results demonstrate that perceived privacy, perceived security, technology anxiety, effort expectancy, and performance expectancy positively impact citizens' adoption behavior directly and through attitude and trust. This study implies that the policymakers and the relevant authorities of the Pakistani government should improve citizens' trust by addressing their privacy and security concerns. By enhancing privacy and security, citizens' participation in e-government services can be increased through their positive attitude and trust in these platforms. Moreover, this research suggests making simple video tutorials explaining how people of Pakistan can use e-government services to decrease technology anxiety among the public.