Gait characteristics and falls in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Given the high rate of falls during walking in people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), identifying at risk individuals and developing targeted interventions to reduce falls incidence is paramount. Numerous studies have investigated gait-related risk factors for falls in PD, however findings are inconsistent across studies, and thus a synthesis of the current evidence is needed to guide clinical practice and the development of interventions to reduce falls risk. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the association between walking biomechanics and falls in people with PD, and where possible, perform meta-analyses. Methods The study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched until January 2018 to identify articles that reported on the association between walking biomechanics and prospective or retrospective falls in people with PD. Results Twenty-six articles were included (15 prospective studies, 11 retrospective studies). Articles reported on spatiotemporal and kinematic characteristics, and muscle activation patterns. Meta-analyses revealed slower walking speed, lower cadence, shorter strides and more mediolateral head and pelvis motion in those at higher risk of future falls. Findings from prospective and retrospective articles were largely consistent. Conclusion Our findings identify spatiotemporal and kinematic characteristics of gait that are risk factors for falls in PD. Modification of these characteristics may have the potential to mediate falls risk, and future research to investigate this possibility is merited. The influence of body and ground reaction forces, and muscle activation patterns on falls risk in PD is currently under-researched.