1,8-Naphthalimide-based colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for recognition of GMP, TMP, and UMP and its application in in vivo imaging

Abstract In this study, a series of 1,8-naphthalimide-based analogs were developed for fluorescence imaging of nucleotides in Caenorhabditis elegans . In DMSO, compound 1 proved to be an effective and selective colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for recognition of GMP, TMP, and UMP over other structurally similar nucleotides. Among all the tested nucleotides, only the addition of GMP, TMP, and UMP resulted in a fluorescence color change from blue to brown with a fluorescence enhancement of more than 600-fold, with the colorless solution turning brown. NMR spectroscopic titration, theoretical calculations, and spectral tests performed using various solvent compositions confirmed that compound 1 formed multiple hydrogen bonds with the related base groups in the nucleotide. Compound 1 demonstrated its utility as a fluorescent chemosensor for detecting GMP, TMP, and UMP in in vivo imaging of GMP, TMP, and UMP in C. elegans .