Gibberellin signaling modulates flowering via the DELLA–BRAHMA–NF-YC module in Arabidopsis

Gibberellin (GA) plays a key role in floral induction by activating the expression of floral integrator genes in plants, but the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we show that BRAHMA (BRM), a core subunit of the chromatin-remodeling SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex that functions in various biological processes by regulating gene expression, is involved in GA-signaling-mediated flowering via the formation of the DELLA-BRM-NF-YC module in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). DELLA, BRM, and NF-YC transcription factors interact with one another, and DELLA proteins promote the physical interaction between BRM and NF-YC proteins. This impairs the binding of NF-YCs to SOC1, a major floral integrator gene, to inhibit flowering. On the other hand, DELLA proteins also facilitate the binding of BRM to SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1). The GA-induced degradation of DELLA proteins disturbs the DELLA-BRM-NF-YC module, prevents BRM from inhibiting NF-YCs, and decreases the DNA-binding ability of BRM, which promote the deposition of H3K4me3 on SOC1 chromatin, leading to early flowering. Collectively, our findings show that BRM is a key epigenetic partner of DELLA proteins during the floral transition. Moreover, they provide molecular insights into how GA signaling coordinates an epigenetic factor with a transcription factor to regulate the expression of a flowering gene and flowering in plants.