Occurrence, distribution, fate and quantitation of phthalates in soils: a review

Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants occurring in all environmental compartments worldwide. In soils, it occurs at higher levels compared to other organic contaminants. Consequently, humans are exposed to phthalates constantly via air, dust, food and water. This paper reviews phthalates occurrence in soils of agricultural, industrial and urban areas. Diethyl hexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate are frequently detected in these areas, and their combined concentrations contribute about 60–80% to total phthalate concentrations. Microbial degradation is the primary process determining the fate of phthalates in soil. Gas, and liquid chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry techniques are generally used for phthalates determination. Reliable quantitation warrants stringent quality control measures as phthalates are present in laboratory air, solvents, and other labwares. Suggestions to minimise background contamination are outlined.