Cutting-edge developments in active and passive photovoltaic cooling for reduced temperature operation

Considering the substantial increase in deployment, photovoltaics are hovering to emerge as the predominant worldwide energy producer in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the operating efficiency and endurance of photovoltaic (PV) systems are significantly stalled by the heightened operating temperatures encountered by solar radiation. This article comprehensively analyzes novel active and passive PV cooling techniques, encompassing their operational mechanisms, cooling efficiency, and eventual implementations in solar devices. Extensive scholarly research has examined various PV cooling methods and techniques to optimize system cooling and efficiency. The primary goal of this effort is to compile a reference for future researchers and specialists by reviewing and comparing the results of current investigations. The study also comprised a bibliometric analysis that provides valuable insights into the influence of research on incorporating cooling systems into solar systems. These insights play a decisive role in recognizing new trends and progressing the field towards more efficient systems, hence advancing upcoming development. Furthermore, an extensive classification and assessment of every conceivable cooling technology was furnished to facilitate a comparison among diverse cooling methodologies. The research was structured in a tabular manner, containing the following details for each cooling technique: solar panel type, cooling method, cooling fluid or substance used, research category, average temperature reduction resulting from cooling, and enhanced electrical efficiency. The study indicates that cooling methods significantly enhance electrical efficiency, with potential increases varying from 0.28 % to 97.6 %. Additionally, this application is assessed to decrease the solar panel's operative temperature, ranging from 0.8 °C to 39.9 °C.