Lotus Metasurface for Wide-Angle Intermediate-Frequency Water–Air Acoustic Transmission

Only 0.1% of the acoustic energy can transmit across the water-air interface because of the huge acoustic impedance mismatch. Enhancing acoustic transmission across the water-air interface is of great significance for sonar communications and sensing. However, due to the interface instability and subwavelength characteristics of acoustic metamaterials, wide-angle intermediate-frequency (10 kHz-100 kHz) water-air acoustic transmission remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate that the lotus leaf is a natural low-cost acoustic transmission metasurface, namely, the lotus acoustic metasurface (LAM). Experiments demonstrate the LAM can enhance the acoustic transmission across the water-air interface, with an energy transmission coefficient of about 40% at 28 kHz. Furthermore, by fabricating artificial LAMs, the operating frequencies can be flexibly adjusted. Also, the LAM allows a wide-angle water-to-air acoustic transmission. It will enable various promising applications, such as detecting and imaging underwater objects from the air, communicating between ocean and atmosphere, reducing ocean noises, etc.