The influence of air pollution on respiratory microbiome: A link to respiratory disease

Air pollution is known to trigger and exacerbate many respiratory diseases. The interaction between respiratory microbiome and host plays a significant role in maintaining airway immune homeostasis and health. Emerging evidence has revealed the associations of disturbances in the airway microbiome with air pollution and respiratory disease. However, respiratory microbiome has been an undervalued player in progressions of respiratory disease caused by air pollution. In this review, we summarize the current research advances with respect to the effects of air pollution on respiratory microbiome, then discuss the underlying mechanisms of air pollution induction of dysbiosis in respiratory microbiota and its links to respiratory diseases. This work may be helpful to deepening understanding the relationships between exposure, microbiome and airway disease and discovering new preventive and therapeutic strategies for air pollution-mediated respiratory disease.