Microalgae-based technologies for carbon neutralization and pollutant remediation: A comprehensive and systematic review

Microalgae, with their advantages of rapid growth, high lipid content, and high photosynthetic efficiency, are widely used for carbon neutralization and pollutant remediation. Moreover, microalgae biochars, derived from converting microalgae into biofuels, are also extensively utilized in these fields. This paper endeavors to provide a comprehensive review of the applications of microalgae and microalgae biochars in carbon neutralization and pollutant remediation. Given the growing utilization of wastewater and flue gas for cultivating microalgae, this review also delves into the toxic effects of different pollutants on microalgae. Furthermore, this review assesses the economic and environmental impacts of incorporating microalgae-based technologies into the microalgae biofuel industry, highlighting their substantial potential for bolstering the economic viability and sustainability of the industry. Finally, the challenges and future directions of these technologies are analyzed. This review may provide strategies for advancing carbon neutralization, pollutant remediation, and the development of the microalgae biofuel industry.