Proteome Profiling of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: Exploring the Potential of Capillary Electrophoresis with Surface Modified Capillaries for Analysis of Complex Biological Samples

A bottom-up proteomic approach, based on capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF/ToF) mass spectrometry, was used to analyze immunoaffinity depleted human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and compare it with a non-depleted sample. After enzymatic digestion and desalting, the tryptic peptides were separated by CE using PolyE-323 modified capillaries and fractionated off-line onto MALDI target plates for further analysis by MALDI and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The protein profile of the depleted sample was compared with non-depleted CSF. Overall, 84 proteins were identified with 95% significance in both samples. The significance scores for the proposed biomarkers, such as amyloid-like protein 1 precursor, could be increased up to 12 times after the depletion. Other proteins, often suggested to be related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid beta A4 protein precursor, superoxide dismutase and apolipoprotein E precursor could only be found in the depleted CSF samples. The effect of a derivatization of tryptic peptides with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazole reagent for protein identification by mass spectrometry was also employed to increase the number of identified proteins and the sequence coverages. The results presented in this study illustrate the benefit of combining a sample pre-fractionation step and a label's ability to enhance the ionization efficiency with the potential of CE using PolyE-323 modified capillaries in the analysis of complex samples. The straight-forward approach that provides speed and simplicity resulting in high-resolution separations and low sample consumption represents an easily applicable separation technique that can serve as a complement to other currently existing analytical approaches needed in modern proteomic analysis of clinically relevant samples.