Interferon inducible guanylate‐binding protein 1 modulates the lipopolysaccharide‐induced cytokines/chemokines and mitogen‐activated protein kinases in macrophages

Abstract Guanylate‐binding proteins (GBPs) are a family of interferon (IFN)‐inducible GTPases and play a pivotal role in the host immune response to microbial infections. These are upregulated in immune cells after recognizing the lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major membrane component of Gram‐negative bacteria. In the present study, the expression pattern of GBP1–7 was initially mapped in phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate‐differentiated human monocytes THP‐1 and mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 cell lines stimulated with LPS. A time‐dependent significant expression of GBP1–7 was observed in these cells. Moreover, among the various GBPs, GBP1 has emerged as a central player in regulating innate immunity and inflammation. Therefore, to study the specific role of GBP1 in LPS‐induced inflammation, knockdown of the Gbp1 gene was carried out in both cells using small interfering RNA interference. Altered levels of different cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12β, IFN‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α), inducible nitric oxide synthase, histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, protein kinase R, and chemokines (chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 9 [CXCL9], CXCL10, and CXCL11) in GBP1 knockdown cells were reported compared to control cells. Interestingly, the extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcription factor levels were considerably induced in knockdown cells compared to the control cells. However, no change in the level of phosphorylated nuclear factor‐kB, c‐Jun, and p38 transcription factors was observed in GBP1 knockdown cells compared to the control cells. This study concludes that GBP1 may alter the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules mediated by MAP kinases and STAT1 transcription factors.