Effects on Life‐History Traits ofHypogastrura viatica(Collembola) Exposed to Imidacloprid Through Soil or Diet

Abstract Collembola (springtails) are important members of soil communities worldwide by contributing to degradation of organic matter. In nature, Collembola might be exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid, which is fairly persistent in soil. We exposed the widespread Hypogastrura viatica to imidacloprid through soil or food and monitored the animals during exposure and a post exposure period. We recorded effects on life‐history traits affecting individual fitness, that is, mortality, behavioral activity, several reproduction traits, and molting frequency. Exposure through soil led to a concentration‐dependent mortality, while the mortality from dietary exposure possibly reflected reduced feeding activity. The body burden of imidacloprid in the Collembola did not differ between treatments. We found no sign of recovery in behavioral activity following exposure in either experiment. The egg production of H. viatica was not significantly affected by imidacloprid at 0.01 mg/kg dry soil but showed a tendency to reduce number of eggs per batch and reduced hatching success. At higher concentrations, reproduction was close to, or completely, stopped. The molting frequency decreased during exposure, while in the post exposure period, we saw milder effects at the highest concentrations, suggesting elimination through molting or reduced toxic response as a result of reduced feeding activity. Overall, H. viatica was more sensitive to imidacloprid than previously studied Collembola, which highlights the importance of considering species sensitivities when risk‐assessing soil environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3111–3122. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.