Efficient removal of both positively and negatively charged colloidal contaminants using amphoteric starch-based flocculants synthesized by low-pressure UV initiation

Surface charges of the suspended colloidal particles in real water can be either negative or positive. Flocculation is one of the most widely used technologies in water treatment. A series of amphoteric starch-based flocculants (denoted as ASBFs) with the same chemically modified functional groups but different charge degrees and intrinsic viscosities were successfully via low-pressure ultraviolet initiation and used for the removal of different charged contaminants from water. The characterization results confirmed the successful grafting acrylamide (AM) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto carboxymethyl starch. Different influencing factors, including flocculant dosage, contaminants concentration, pH of solution, stirring speed, sedimentation time and various salts, were investigated systematically. ASBFs with eco-friendliness exhibited high flocculation property, low optimal dosage and low salts sensitivity, for not only kaolin, but also hematite suspensions. The zeta potential (ZP) measurement suggested that the removal mechanism mainly includes charge neutralization, patching and bridging.