Mass cytometry for the multiplexed quantification and characterization of target expression on circulating cells in whole blood

Abstract Characterization of target abundance on cells has broad translational applications. Among the approaches for assessing membrane target expression is quantification of the number of target‐specific antibody (Ab) bound per cell (ABC). ABC determination on relevant cell subsets in complex and limited biological samples necessitates multidimensional immunophenotyping, for which the high‐order multiparameter capabilities of mass cytometry provide considerable advantages. In the present study, we describe the implementation of CyTOF® for the concomitant quantification of membrane markers on diverse types of immune cells in human whole blood. Specifically, our protocol relies on establishing B max of Ab saturable binding on cells, then converted into ABC according to a metal's transmission efficiency and number of metal atoms per Ab. Using this method, we calculated ABC values for CD4 and CD8 within the expected range for circulating T cells and in concordance with the ABC obtained in the same samples by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we successfully conducted multiplex measurements of the ABC for CD28, CD16, CD32a, and CD64, on >15 immune cell subsets in human whole blood samples. We developed a high‐dimensional data analysis workflow enabling semi‐automated B max calculation in all examined cell subsets to facilitate ABC reporting across populations. In addition, we investigated impacts of the type of metal isotope and acquisition batch effect on the ABC evaluation with CyTOF®. In summary, our findings demonstrate mass cytometry is a valuable tool for concurrent quantitative analysis of multiple targets in specific and rare cell types, thus increasing the numbers of biomeasures obtained from a single sample.