Analytical strategy to reveal the in vivo process of multi-component herbal medicine: A pharmacokinetic study of licorice using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Although various techniques have been employed to analyze drug metabolites, the metabolism of multi-component herbal medicine has seldom been fully addressed. In contrast to chemical drugs, a number of compounds in herbal medicine could get into circulation and then be metabolized. Moreover, these compounds may have metabolic interactions which make their pharmacokinetics (PK) even more complicated. The present work aims to elucidate the multi-component pharmacokinetics of a herbal medicine, and to demonstrate how PK behaviors were altered by co-existing constituents. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), a most commonly used herbal medicine, was chosen as a model. A strategy was proposed to compare the PK profiles of licorice extract with those of nine single compounds. These compounds were major bioactive constituents of licorice, and represented various structural types (flavanone, chalcone, isoflavone, saponin, and coumarin). We established a segmented selected reaction monitoring LC/MS/MS method to simultaneously monitor 63 licorice metabolites in rat plasma, and obtained the PK profiles of 55 metabolites. The results indicated that interactions among licorice compounds altered their PK behaviors in 4 aspects: improvement in bioavailability for aglycones (133- and 109-fold increase for liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, respectively), prolongation in system circulation for glycosides (0.3h delay in T(max) for liquiritin apioside and isoliquiritin apioside), decrease of potential toxicity for saponins such as glycyrrhizic acid, and shift in plasma distribution for phase II metabolites. This is the first attempt to systematically reveal the in vivo process of licorice. Moreover, the study indicates noticeable interactions to alter pharmacokinetics among licorice compounds, which may be characteristic for herbal medicines.