Oxidation and Reduction

This Chapter Contains Sections titled: Oxidation by Metal Ions and Related Species Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, and Cobalt Copper, Silver, Gold, and Thallium Cerium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Vanadium Palladium, Iridium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, and Platinum Group VIII Metals Oxidation by Compounds of Non-metallic Elements Nitrogen and Sulfur Halogens Ozonolysis and Ozonation Peracids and Peroxides Photo-oxygenation and Singlet Oxygen Triplet Oxygen and Autoxidation Other Oxidations Reduction by Complex Metal Hydrides Hydrogenation Transfer Hydrogenation Other Reductions References This chapter describes the oxidation by metal ions and related species and compounds of non-metallic elements, ozonolysis, ozonation, photo-oxygenation, and autoxidation. Work on oxygenation of hydrocarbons, both saturated and aromatic, and other C–H compounds has been reviewed. Applications of new metal complexes and catalytic systems, soluble as well as solid, are discussed, and various oxidants such as molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxides, and peroxy acids have been mentioned. Progress on precious-metal and transition-metal oxide catalyst systems for the oxidation of formaldehyde has been reviewed. Topics such as properties of oxidants, structure–activity relationships, and factors influencing the catalytic activity and reaction mechanism are discussed. The chapter also describes reduction by complex metal hydrides and hydrogenation. The level of understanding of the mechanism of enantioselective hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones with pioneering prototypes of bifunctional catalysts, the Noyori and Noyori–Ikariya complexes, has been reviewed.